Extra 'leap' second added to 2016
 |
| © Provided by Popular Science |
There will be an extra second in 2016, and people are not happy about it. Neither is your computer. This year’s (or next year’s, if you’re in most of the Eastern Hemisphere) extra second will probably have little to no effect on you, unless you count the relentless jokes about this terrible year lasting one second longer. You probably won’t even notice that it’s happening, much less realize how. But somehow, every computer and phone in the world will know to add exactly one second to the clock. And that can get a little complicated.
The world keeps track of time in a bunch of different ways, many of them completely irrelevant to most people. The overarching standard that computers synchronize to is called Coordinated Universal Time. It’s (confusingly) abbreviated as UTC, which doesn’t really stand for anything. This is the result of a compromise between the U.S. and France, who wanted to call it CUT and TUC respectively so the acronym would make sense in their own languages. Instead, we have UTC. This feels like a metaphor for something.
Anyway, internet-connected computers all over the world synchronize to UTC through a process called network time protocol. Basically, sets of ultra-precise atomic clocks placed at strategic points around the globe keep the most accurate time we’re capable of keeping. Those reference clocks tell a set of computers what time it is every second to maintain a reference time. Periodically, another set of computers asks the reference computers what time it is. Those computers tell the next set of computers what time it is, and so on until the correct time propagates throughout the entire internet. They can also all check with each other to make the system as fast as possible, thus keeping every single computer in sync. Your computer is checking the UTC periodically using this network time protocol, even though you don’t notice it.
UTC itself has been in place since January 1, 1960 in some form, and has been adjusted several times for accuracy. Leap seconds were added to the mix in 1972, much to the later chagrin of computer programmers everywhere.
We add extra time to certain years to keep our clocks precisely in line with solar time. Because Earth’s rate of rotation is slowing down, we have to keep adding seconds. Since the Earth doesn’t slow down at a rate of exactly one second per year, we don’t add leap seconds each year or even at regular intervals (like we do for leap years). We add leap seconds whenever The Powers That Be determine that we’re in danger of having the difference between UTC and solar time grow longer than 0.9 seconds. The Powers That Be are more (or probably less) commonly known as the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service. The IERS has added 26 leap seconds so far, not including the one that will happen this year, through an oddly antiquated system.
Six months in advance of every leap second, the IERS sends out a bulletin creatively titled Bulletin C, stating the intention to add a leap second. The bulletin gets broadcast across radio waves, GPS signals, and even telephone modems to tell every time-keeping system that there will be an extra second that year. The laboratories that operate atomic clocks have to manually adjust them, but almost every computer in the world just downloads a file from the network time protocol. That file contains instructions for the computer to add another second at 11:59:59 pm.
Adding seconds to some years but not to others isn’t really a problem for humans, but it is for computers. Leap years can be programmed into the timekeeping system in advance. Leap seconds can’t. And that means that the IERS has to be able to tell every single computer in the world to add one extra second on one particular day. That does not jive with how computers tell time. Computers are programmed to know that there are exactly 60 seconds in a minute, and you cannot convince them otherwise. You can't just suddenly create a second second after 11:59:59pm on December 31, 2016. And yet we persist.
The leap second in summer 2012 caused several massive servers to go down because of a mismatch between clocks. A similar problem occurred in 2009. The mismatch in time happens because network time protocol doesn’t have a good way of understanding a minute that contains 61 seconds. The main fix right now is to pause the timer, such that the final second of December 31st actually lasts for two seconds. That workaround keeps a computer from having to turn itself backwards by one second, which is helpful because computers understand time as moving forward at a constant rate. Some other systems simply repeat the last second of December 31st. But neither system is optimal.
A better system is probably the one Google is implementing publicly this year. They call it “smearing.” Instead of adding a second right at 11:59:59, they smear the extra second across many hours. Their network time protocol is going to run 0.0014 percent slower for the 10 hours before and 10 hours after the leap second. That’s such a small change that it’s effectively unnoticeable, and makes the adjustment easier on computers.
If you’re in the U.S. this New Year’s Eve, your computer will be updated based on the master clock facility at the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington D.C. A fleet of atomic clocks there keep the precise time and sends it out over a network time protocol on the internet. Charmingly, it also sends it out over the telephone system. The old-timey voice of actor Fred Covington, who you’ve probably never heard of, announces the time over a background of one second ticking intervals. Just call +1 (202) 762-1401. You’ll feel awfully old-fashioned, but you'll be ever so up-to-date.
The final minute of 2016 will have one extra second -- here's why
It might feel like 2016 has already overstayed its welcome, but if you're counting down the seconds until 2017 shows up, you better add one more. 2016's final minute will be exactly one second longer than every other minute of the year, and it's all due to the speed of Earth's rotation not lining up perfectly with the ridiculously accurate atomic clocks that timekeepers use to tally every passing second.
It's called a "leap second" and it's not an uncommon occurrence. These extra seconds are added either at the stroke of midnight on June 30th or December 31st of any given year, depending on whether or not the adjustment is needed. The most recent leap second took place in June of 2015, and the most recent before that was June of 2012.
Sometimes an extra second is needed in consecutive years, like from 1992 through 1995, but there have also been long stretches of time in which no adjustment was needed, like from 1999 until the end of 2005.
So why do they exist? Well, astronomical timekeeping has always relied on the length of an Earth day as a standard. The length of a day is determined by the Earth's rotation, which isn't perfectly consistent. Our planet is spinning slightly slower with each passing year, and in order to keep our clocks as close to accurate as possible, an extra second needs to be occasionally added to balance things out.
2016's extra second will take place right at the very end; instead of ticking over from 11:59:59 PM to 12:00:00 AM, as would normally happen, 11:59:60 PM will sneak in between, keeping the world's clocks on schedule until an extra second is inevitably needed once again.
Leap second 2016: Why this New Year's Eve will have an extra second
The year 2017 isn’t coming as soon as you think. In fact, it will be exactly one second late.
On Dec. 31, 2016, the international time keeping community will tack an additional second, known as a leap second, on to the last minute of the year.
As midnight approaches, the official atomic clocks that keep Universal Coordinated Time will mark the time as 23h 59m 59s, followed by the leap second 23h 59m 60s. Jan 1 will continue as usual, beginning with 0h 0m 0s.
Unlike leap years, leap seconds are not a regular occurrence. Instead, they are decreed by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, or IERS, in Paris, which measures the Earth's rotation and compares it with the time kept by atomic clocks.
You may not realize it, but in our modern society we are governed by two types of time.
The first, known as astronomical time, is based on how long it takes Earth to make one complete spin on its axis. Through most of human history this type of time was measured by the rising and setting of the sun. Today, however, scientists keep track of it by aiming a network of radio telescopes at a distant quasar.
Atomic time, on the other hand, defines a second as exactly 9,192,631,770 oscillations of a cesium-133 atom. This is what determines the time that displays on a computer or cellphone.
But these two types of time do not always line up.
In part, that’s because the Earth does not keep perfect time.
Duncan Agnew, a geophysicist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego, explains that movements within the Earth’s liquid core can cause the spin rate of our planet to speed up or slow down.
And the U.S. Naval Observatory reports that over the last 40 years the Earth has generally run slow compared with atomic time, at an average of 1.5 to 2 milliseconds per day.
To keep the two types of time from veering too far away from each other, the IERS calls for a leap second whenever it appears there will be more than a 0.9 second difference between astronomical time and atomic time.
Since 1972, there have been 26 leap seconds added in intervals varying between six months and seven years.
For the record, the IERS could also say that a second should be subtracted from atomic time, but so far that has never been necessary.
Although it’s no big deal for most of us to adjust to an additional atomic second in our year, it is a much bigger pain for people who run computer networks. In the past, tech companies like Google, Reddit and LinkedIn have all run into problems because of the addition of a leap second.
Therefore, the future of the leap second is being hotly debated.
After all, even if the difference between astronomical time and atomic time grew by one second every year, in 100 years the gap would be only less than two minutes. In 1,000 years, it would be off only by less than 17 minutes.
But for now at least the leap second stands. And although the second before midnight Universal Coordinated Time technically corresponds to 3:59:59 pm Pacific Standard Time, you might still consider marking the occasion of the extra second on Dec. 31 by adding a zero to your traditional New Year’s countdown like this:
“… three, two, one, zero.” And then “Happy New Year!”
0 Response to "Extra 'leap' second added to 2016"
Post a Comment